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Deterrence
As a concept, deterrence has launched a thousand books and articles.It has dominated Western strategic thinking for more than four decades.In this important and groundbreaking new book, Lawrence Freedman develops a distinctive approach to the evaluation of deterrence as both a state of mind and a strategic option.This approach is applied to post-cold war crisis management, and the utility and relevance of the concept is addressed in relation to US strategic practice post-9/11, particularly in the light of the apparent preference of the Bush Administration for the alternative concept of pre-emption.The study of deterrence has been hampered by the weight of the intellectual baggage accumulated since the end of the Second World War.Exaggerated notions of what deterrence might achieve were developed, only to be to knocked down by academic critique.In this book, Freedman charts the evolution of the contemporary concept of deterrence, and discusses whether - and how - it still has relevance in today's world.He considers constructivist as well as realist approaches and draws on criminological as well as strategic studies literature to develop a concept of a norms-based, as opposed to an interest-based, deterrence.This book will be essential reading for students of politics and international relations as well as all those interested in contemporary strategic thought.
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China's Strategic Deterrence
A well researched attempt to analyse the fast-paced progress made by China and its People’s Liberation Army (PLA) in the military-cum-geo-political landscape.President Xi Jinping’s ambitious dream for Chinese rejuvenation is to lead the world in Comprehensive National Power by 2049.The Chinese Communist Party (CCP) has its core interests and is not ready to compromise.They are, therefore, advancing them on all fronts while simultaneously avoiding war.This book reveals the contours of this policy, identifies the key stratagems of the Chinese Grand Strategy, its implications and key deterrence facilitators. The PLA, ordered repeatedly to be loyal to the CCP, has accordingly established a nearly impregnable multi-domain wall to deter China’s adversaries, particularly America, India and Japan.The resource-hungry nation has exploited its vast industrial base and exploited its fast-expanding Diaspora.The Chinese government has channelized its scientific talent in conjunction with secret technology transfers and espionage to lead technology development, especially in the fields of Artificial Intelligence, Quantum, Robotics, Blockchain, Hypersonic and Big Data Analytics. This book is a comprehensive compendium of the key measures initiated by the CCP and President Xi to revive Han supremacy the world over.It brilliantly covers the PLA’s march from ‘Mechanisation’ to ‘Informationisation’ to ‘Intelligentisation’ It covers the major aspects of all possible Chinese domains of warfare and uncovers the Chinese secret methodology to rapidly expand her global sphere of influence. It is an essential book for all China-watchers, military strategists, advanced technology-gazers and those who actually want to stand up to Chinese hegemony and rising ambitions.
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Elements of Deterrence : Strategy, Technology, and Complexity in Global Politics
Global politics in the twenty-first century is complicated by dense economic interdependence, rapid technological innovation, and fierce security competition.How should governments formulate grand strategy in this complex environment?Many strategists look to deterrence as the answer, but how much can we expect of deterrence?Classical deterrence theory developed in response to the nuclear threats of the Cold War, but strategists since have applied it to a variety of threats in the land, sea, air, space, and cyber domains.If war is the continuation of politics by other means, then the diversity of technologies in modern war suggests a diversity of political effects.Some military forces or postures are most useful for "winning" various kinds of wars.Others are effective for "warning" adversaries of consequences or demonstrating resolve.Still others may accomplish these goals at lower political cost, or with greater strategic stability.Deterrence is not a simple strategy, therefore, but a complex relationship between many ends and many means.This book presents findings from a decade-long research program on "cross-domain deterrence." Through a series of theoretical and empirical studies, we explore fundamental trade-offs that have always been implicit in practice but have yet to be synthesized into a general theory of deterrence.Gartzke and Lindsay integrate newly revised and updated versions of published work alongside new work into a holistic framework for understanding how deterrence works--or fails to work--in multiple domains.Their findings show that in deterrence, all good things do not go together.
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Deterrence in an Era of Iranian Nuclear Proliferation
The Iranian nuclear saga has been of grave concern to the international community, namely the West and Israel, since news broke in 2002 that Tehran clandestinely operated two nuclear facilities in Natanz and Arak.The Islamic Republic of Iran claims that it is exercising its inalienable right under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty; however, the West and Israel distrust Iran's motives and believe that Tehran is seeking to develop nuclear weapons. Iran's nuclear program and bellicose negotiating strategy has triggered concern among the West and Israel, prompting the question as to whether their cause for concern is warranted.This concern is examined in Deterrence in an Era of Iranian Nuclear Proliferation by assessing the theories of nuclear deterrence and applying them in a 2008-2009 Iranian context to determine whether nuclear deterrence failures would arise should Iran acquire nuclear weaponry.
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What would be more important in criminal offenses: deterrence or rehabilitation?
The importance of deterrence versus rehabilitation in criminal offenses depends on the specific circumstances and goals of the justice system. Deterrence focuses on preventing future crimes by imposing harsh penalties to dissuade potential offenders, while rehabilitation aims to address the root causes of criminal behavior and help individuals reintegrate into society. Both approaches have their merits, but a balanced approach that considers the individual's circumstances and the nature of the offense may be the most effective. Ultimately, a combination of deterrence and rehabilitation may be necessary to address the complex issues surrounding criminal behavior.
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What was the role of nuclear deterrence during the Cuban Missile Crisis?
During the Cuban Missile Crisis, nuclear deterrence played a crucial role in preventing the outbreak of a nuclear war. The United States and the Soviet Union both possessed significant nuclear arsenals, and the threat of mutual destruction served as a deterrent to either side launching a first strike. This concept of mutually assured destruction helped to prevent either side from escalating the conflict to a nuclear level. The fear of the catastrophic consequences of a nuclear war ultimately led to a negotiated resolution of the crisis.
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Does market research hinder innovation in business administration?
Market research does not necessarily hinder innovation in business administration. In fact, it can provide valuable insights into consumer needs and preferences, helping businesses to develop innovative products and services that meet market demands. By understanding market trends and customer behavior, businesses can identify opportunities for innovation and stay ahead of competitors. However, relying too heavily on market research without allowing room for creativity and risk-taking can limit the potential for groundbreaking innovations. It is important for businesses to strike a balance between leveraging market research and fostering a culture of innovation to drive success in business administration.
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What do you do in the exploration analysis?
In the exploration analysis, I conduct an initial investigation of the data to understand its characteristics and identify any patterns or trends. This involves performing descriptive statistics, data visualization, and data cleaning to gain insights into the dataset. I also look for any outliers or missing values that may need to be addressed. Additionally, I may conduct preliminary hypothesis testing to guide further analysis. Overall, the exploration analysis helps to inform the next steps in the data analysis process and provides a foundation for more in-depth analysis.
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Science, Technology And Innovation Indicators : Lessons from the Development Experience in Africa
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Deterrence, Coercion, and Appeasement : British Grand Strategy, 1919-1940
Deterrence, Coercion, and Appeasement presents a compelling and original survey of British grand strategy in the inter-war period.Whereas most existing accounts privilege either diplomacy and foreign affairs, intelligence, or military affairs more narrowly, this study underlines the inexorable relationships between foreign policy, grand strategy, military force, intelligence, finance and not least, domestic politics and public opinion.Britain was the world's only global power in the inter-war period, and it confronted problems on a global scale.Policy-makers sought two goals: peace with security.They did so successfully in the 1920s, partly due to favourable circumstances that made their task relatively easy, and partly because they understood the strengths and limitations of British power and knew how to wield them.The situation deteriorated rapidly in the 1930s, however, as the international system became increasingly unfavourable to Britain.Policy-makers proved less adept than their predecessors at meeting these new challenges, partly because those challenges were more formidable, but also because they lacked the self-confidence of their predecessors, who had held high office during the most difficult years of the First World War and who lacked their understanding of how to wield the lever of international power.The study ends by providing a new and more sophisticated account of how and why Neville Chamberlain appeased the fascist powers in the late 1930s, and why Winston Churchill opposed him and eventually supplanted him in May 1940.
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Influence without Arms : The New Logic of Nuclear Deterrence
How does nuclear technology influence international relations?While many books focus on countries armed with nuclear weapons, this volume puts the spotlight on those that have the technology to build nuclear bombs but choose not to.These weapons-capable countries, such as Brazil, Germany, and Japan, have what is known as nuclear latency, and they shape world politics in important ways.Offering a definitive account of nuclear latency, Matthew Fuhrmann navigates a critical yet poorly understood issue.He identifies global trends, explains why countries obtain nuclear latency, and analyzes its consequences for international security.Influence Without Arms presents new statistical and case evidence that nuclear latency enhances deterrence and provides greater influence but also triggers conflict and arms races.The book offers a framework to explain when nuclear latency increases security and when it incites instability, and generates far-reaching implications for deterrence, nuclear proliferation, arms races, preventive war, and disarmament.
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Deterrence, Diplomacy and the Risk of Conflict Over Taiwan
Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine confirmed that revived great-power competition has heightened the prospect of global conflict, while restoring the concept of deterrence to centre stage.The stakes in a conflict in East Asia, however, would be even higher than those in Ukraine.A war over Taiwan could bring the United States and China, the world’s two greatest powers, into a direct military conflict which would represent a contest for regional or global leadership and would be likely to draw other powers into the fight.Such a war – in which the nuclear question would be ever-present – can currently be described as ‘possible, avoidable, but potentially catastrophic’. In this Adelphi book, Bill Emmott evaluates the diplomatic and deterrence strategies that countries in and outside the Indo-Pacific region are using to try to reduce the risk of that conflict occurring.This book examines these strategies in the light of the lessons of the Ukraine war and identifies yardsticks with which to gauge their potential effectiveness and sustainability.Our goal, Emmott argues, must be for all sides to regard such a US–China conflict as ‘inevitably catastrophic and therefore inconceivable’.
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What is the difference between primary research, secondary research, and market exploration?
Primary research involves collecting data directly from the source, such as through surveys, interviews, or observations. This type of research is conducted by the researcher and is tailored to the specific needs of the study. Secondary research, on the other hand, involves analyzing existing data and information that has already been collected by others, such as academic journals, government reports, or industry publications. Market exploration is a broader term that encompasses both primary and secondary research methods and involves investigating the market to gather information about consumers, competitors, and industry trends in order to make informed business decisions.
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What is the difference between market research and market exploration?
Market research involves collecting and analyzing data about a specific market, including customer preferences, buying habits, and competitor analysis. It is a more structured and focused approach to gathering information to make informed business decisions. On the other hand, market exploration is a broader and more open-ended process of discovering new opportunities, trends, and potential markets. It involves more creativity and innovation in identifying new possibilities for business growth. In summary, market research is about gathering specific data to answer defined questions, while market exploration is about exploring new ideas and opportunities in a less structured manner.
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Will the development of technology ever stop?
It is unlikely that the development of technology will ever stop. As long as there are new problems to solve and new opportunities to explore, there will be a need for technological innovation. Additionally, the pace of technological advancement has been accelerating in recent years, with new breakthroughs and discoveries constantly pushing the boundaries of what is possible. While the specific direction and focus of technological development may change over time, it is likely that the overall trend of progress will continue.
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Could science fiction technology become real?
Yes, science fiction technology could become real in the future. Many of the technological advancements that were once considered science fiction, such as video calling, self-driving cars, and virtual reality, have already become a reality. With continued advancements in science and technology, it is possible that other futuristic technologies, such as teleportation or advanced artificial intelligence, could also become a reality in the future. While some science fiction technologies may still be far-fetched, it is important to remember that many of today's realities were once considered impossible in the past.
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